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Sacred College)
The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The body plays two roles for the church:
Historically, they were also the clergy of the city of Rome serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome and were assigned duties in parishes of the city.
The College has no ruling power except during the sede vacante period, where its powers are still extremely limited according to Universi Dominici Gregis.
The president and vice-president of the college are the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean. Both are elected by the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the Dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as primus inter pares.
The prefects of Vatican Congregations are always Cardinals.
Choosing the pope
Since January 1, 1971, cardinals over the age of 80 have not had a vote in papal election, under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem
The rules for the election of the pope are now those stated in Universi Dominici Gregis, published by Pope John Paul II on 22 February 1996. It now states that cardinals over the age of 80 at the day the see become vacant do not have a vote in the papal election.
Although the rules of the Conclave explicitly say the Pope need not be chosen from among the ranks of the Cardinals (in theory any male Roman Catholic may be elected Pope), that has been the norm since the election of Pope Urban VI in 1378.
Members of the College of Cardinals
The following is the list of Cardinals as of April 2005. Cardinals are shown in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Stephen Cardinal Kim Sou-hwan is considered the most senior member of the College by length of service, as he was listed first of those surviving from the 1969 consistory. However, Angelo Cardinal Sodano, the acting dean of the College of Cardinals has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop.
Cardinals aged over 80 are indicated with an asterisk (*). All but fourteen of the Cardinals were appointed during John Paul II's leadership. Three of the fourteen were under 80 years old as of the day of John Paul II's death, and one of them has since been elected Pope. There are now a total of 182 cardinals of whom 116 are aged under 80.
There are three ranks of Cardinals: Cardinal Bishops, Cardinal Priests, and Cardinal Deacons. Almost all Cardinals are also bishops.
Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
Titular Bishops of seven suburbicarian sees
- The suburbicarian diocese of Velletri-Segni was vacated by the election of Pope Benedict XVI and will be filled by the promotion of a Cardinal.The new Dean will assume the title of Ostia in addition to his current titular see.
Patriarchs of Oriental Rites
with dates of cardinalates
Cardinals of the Order of Priests
Consistory of 28 April 1969
Consistory of 5 March 1973
Consistory of 24 May 1976
Consistory of 30 June 1979
Consistory of 2 February 1983
Consistory of 25 May 1985
- Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy * (India) - born February 5 1924 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and former Archbishop of Bangalore
- Francis Cardinal Arinze (Nigeria) - born November 1 1932 Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Sacraments
- Antonio Cardinal Innocenti * (Italy) - born August 23 1915 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei, previously Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
- Miguel Cardinal Obando Bravo (Nicaragua) - born February 2 1926 Retired Archbishop of Managua
- Paul Augustin Cardinal Mayer * (Germany) - born May 23 1911 Retired as President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (preceded Cardinal Innocenti) and previously Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
- Angel Cardinal Suquía Goicoechea * (Spain) - born October 2 1916 Retired Archbishop of Madrid
- Ricardo J. Cardinal Vidal (Philippines) - born February 6 1931 Archbishop of Cebu
- Henryk Roman Cardinal Gulbinowicz * (Poland) - long reported as born October 17 1928 but announced February 2 2005 that he had lied about his age in 1944 and was really born in 1923 [1] Retired Archbishop of Wroclaw
- Jozef Cardinal Tomko* (Slovakia) - born March 11 1924 President of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses and former Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
- Andrzej Maria Cardinal Deskur * (Poland) - born February 29 1924 President of the Pontifical Academy of the Immaculate Conception, formerly President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications
- Paul Cardinal Poupard (France) - born August 30 1930 President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
- Louis-Albert Cardinal Vachon* (Canada) - born February 4 1912 Retired Archbishop of Quebec City
- Rosalio José Cardinal Castillo Lara * (Venezuela) - born September 4 1922 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City
- Friedrich Cardinal Wetter (Germany) - born February 20 1928 Archbishop of Munich and Freising
- Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli* (Italy) - born February 21 1924 Retired Archbishop of Florence
- Adrianus Johannes Cardinal Simonis (Netherlands) - born November 26 1931 Archbishop of Utrecht
- Édouard Cardinal Gagnon* (Canada) - born January 15 1918 Retired President of the Pontifical Committee for the International Eucharistic Congresses
- Alfons Maria Cardinal Stickler * (Austria) - born August 23 1910 Retired Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Bernard Francis Cardinal Law (USA) - born November 4 1931 Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major and former Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts
- Giacomo Cardinal Biffi (Italy) - born June 13 1928 Retired Archbishop of Bologna
Consistory of 28 June 1988
Consistory of 28 June 1991
Consistory of 26 November 1994
Consistory of 21 February 1998
Consistory of 21 February 2001
Consistory of 21 October 2003
Cardinals of the Order of Deacons
Cardinal Deacons have the right to become Cardinal Priests after ten years as Cardinal Deacons. All living former Cardinal Deacons created prior to 1998 have exercised this right.
Consistory of 21 February 1998
- Jorge Arturo Cardinal Medina Estévez (Chile) - born December 23 1926 Retired Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
- Darío Cardinal Castrillón Hoyos (Colombia) - born July 4 1929 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
- Lorenzo Cardinal Antonetti* (Italy) - born July 31 1922 Pontifical Delegate for the Patriarchal Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi and Retired President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
- James Francis Cardinal Stafford (USA) - born July 26 1932 Major Penitentiary
- Giovanni Cardinal Cheli * (Italy) - born October 4 1918 Retired President of the Pontifical Commission for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
- Dino Cardinal Monduzzi * (Italy) - born April 2 1922 Prefect of the Pontifical Household
Consistory of 21 February 2001
Consistory of 21 October 2003
- Jean-Louis Cardinal Tauran (France) - born April 3 1943 Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church
- Renato Raffaele Cardinal Martino (Italy) - born November 23 1932 President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
- Francesco Cardinal Marchisano (Italy) - born June 25 1929 President of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See and Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica
- Julian Cardinal Herranz Casado (Spain) - born March 31 1930 President of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts
- Javier Cardinal Lozano Barragán (Mexico) - born January 26 1933 President of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
- Stephen Fumio Cardinal Hamao (Japan) - born March 9 1930 President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
- Attilio Cardinal Nicora (Italy) - born March 16 1937 President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
- George Marie Martin Cardinal Cottier* (Switzerland) - born April 25 1922 Titular Archbishop of Tullia, Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household and retired Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission
- Tomas Cardinal Spidlik * (Czech Republic) - born December 17 1919 Consultor of Vatican Congregations
- Stanislaw Cardinal Nagy * (Poland) - born September 30 1921 Titular Archbishop of Holar and retired Professor of Theology
In 2003 the Pope announced he was also creating one cardinal secretly (in pectore), which would have taken effect if the appointment had been announced before the Pope's death. This prelate is believed to reside in the People's Republic of China. However, on April 6, 2005 it was revealed by Vatican representives that Pope John Paul II did not name this cardinal in any of the papers left upon his death. Therefore, it appears that the secret passed with him.
See also
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